覆盖作物多样性对猕猴桃园土壤微生物群落功能的影响

以丹江口水源涵养区猕猴桃园为研究对象,运用Biolog微平板技术,研究不同种类覆盖作物处理(2、4、8种和清耕对照)下土壤微生物群落功能多样性的差异。结果表明,覆盖作物处理土壤微生物群落对碳源的利用程度、功能多样性指数和丰富度指数均高于清耕对照。覆盖作物及清耕对照处理土壤微生物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、丰富度指数与土壤含水量、有机碳、pH、微生物量碳氮呈显著正相关关系。主成分分析与碳代谢图谱分析表明,猕猴桃园增加覆盖作物种类提高了土壤微生物对碳源的利用能力,且对D-甘露醇、L-精氨酸、L-天门冬酰胺、L-苯丙氨酸、γ-羟丁酸、α-丁酮酸、4-羟基苯甲酸、吐温40的利用能力显著高于清耕对照。此外,4种覆盖作物处理对猕猴桃园土壤生态环境的影响优于2种和8种。研究表明,猕猴桃园增加覆盖作物多样性改变了土壤环境因子,影响了土壤微生物群落的代谢活性和功能多样性。     

长江下游农区金花菜叶蛋白提取工艺优化及关键参数特征

为改进和优化金花菜(Medicago polymorpha)叶蛋白提取的工艺环节,并提高叶蛋白提取率及提取物纯度等参数指标,本研究选择长江下游农区广泛种植的金花菜为原料,通过设置较为合理科学的料液比、提取温度、加热时间、pH以及提取剂(酸)种类进行叶蛋白提取单因素试验。结果表明:各单因素试验最佳参数分别为料液比1∶3、提取温度70℃、加热时间15 min、pH 4、提取剂(酸)为盐酸。基于清洁安全生产角度,选择了单因素试验中提取指标同样较高的柠檬酸作为提取剂,设置了料液比、pH及提取温度的3因素3水平响应面试验,发现影响叶蛋白提取率的因素依次为pH、提取温度、料液比。得到最佳提取工艺:料液比1∶3、pH 4.1、提取温度72℃,相应的叶蛋白提取率为49.63%,提取物纯度为56.87%。本研究优化的技术工艺及相关参数指标可为农区豆科草类植物多元化利用及叶蛋白工业化生产提供一定的技术支撑和相关借鉴。     

中国板栗238份品种（系）叶片形态、解剖结构及其抗旱性评价

采用多功能图像分析法、冷冻切片法和指甲油印记法，对238份板栗品种（系）叶片的形态、解剖结构及气孔特征进行了观察测量，运用变异系数、主成分分析对33项指标进行了筛选，后运用隶属函数法进行抗旱性综合评价。结果表明：（1）238份板栗品种（系）33项指标中除上表皮角质层厚度、上表皮细胞宽度、第一层栅栏组织细胞密度、第一层栅栏组织细胞宽、下表皮细胞宽度和下表皮角质层厚等6项指标的变异系数小于10%，各品种系（间）差异较小外，其余27项指标的变异系数均大于10%，在各品种（系）间差异较大；经主成分分析从27项指标中筛选出10项作为238份板栗品种（系）抗旱性综合评价的典型指标。（2）利用隶属函数分析将238份品种（系）划分为4类：第Ⅰ类包括31个品种（系），平均隶属值为0.60 ~ 0.80，抗旱性极强；第Ⅱ类包括48个品种（系），平均隶属值为0.50 ~ 0.59，抗旱性强；第Ⅲ类包括84个品种（系），平均隶属值为0.30 ~ 0.49，抗旱性中；第Ⅳ类包括75个品种（系），平均隶属值为0.20 ~ 0.29，抗旱性弱。     

内冷油腔振荡冷却仿真方法研究

为了得出一种较为通用的活塞内冷油腔仿真分析方法,采用数值仿真研究方法,从湍流模型、多相流模型、压力速度耦合算法以及油腔几何模型进行油腔CFD仿真分析方法的研究。通过对比分析仿真所得的平均机油填充率、机油分布、壁面平均换热系数和换热系数分布,得出在进行活塞油腔CFD模拟时,标准k-ε湍流模型可以更为经济地进行流动传热计算。可保证计算模拟精度的多相流模型CLSVOF计算结果周期间变化更小,计算结果稳定。活塞油腔瞬态仿真计算时,压力速度耦合算法PISO计算得出的流动换热结果精度更高,收敛速度和达到计算稳定的速度更快,模拟所得流动传热情况更接近实际。全油腔模型模拟效果相对于简化模型效果更好。通过对油腔各壁面区域换热系数随曲轴转角变化的分析得出:振荡过程极大增强了顶面和底面的换热,油腔内壁面中顶部壁面周期平均换热系数最大;底部壁面换热系数变化趋势与顶部壁面变化趋势基本相反,这是由机油分布以及振荡规律决定的;由于侧部壁面未收到机油强烈的冲击,换热系数随曲轴转角变化相对较平缓。     

蔬菜中农药残留检测方法变更的验证方法探析

检测标准发生变更时,检验检测机构应做好新方法的验证工作。以水果和蔬菜中阿维菌素残留量测定标准变更为实例,详述了如何开展方法验证,以期为大家开展化学分析方法发生变更时的验证工作提供参考。     

永兴县冰糖橙果园土壤肥力特征及其综合评价

为探究永兴县冰糖橙果园土壤肥力特征及其综合性状，为果园土壤改良和合理施肥提供依据。在永兴县冰糖橙主产区采集了284处具有代表性果园表层土壤(0-40cm)，测定了土壤有机质、pH值、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、缓效钾等养分指标，运用模糊综合评判法，对永兴县冰糖橙果园及其北、中和南3个区域土壤肥力质量进行了综合评价，并比较3个区域的土壤肥力差异特征。结果表明：永兴县冰糖橙果园土壤肥力为中等水平，土壤为酸性，平均仅5.47；有机质含量较丰富，为较高等水平，平均为25g/kg；土壤全氮含量为较高等水平，平均为1.86g/kg，碱解氮含量为中等水平，平均109mg/kg；有效磷平均含量25.2mg/kg，为中等水平；缓效钾含量偏低，为较低等水平，平均132mg/kg；速效钾含量处于较高等水平，平均153mg/kg。果园的3个区域土壤综合肥力属于中等偏下水平，受地形地貌、成土母质、果园管理及其他因素影响，中部区果园综合肥力高于北部和南部果园。     

水稻赖氨酸含量测定方法改进及其最优动态分类研究

赖氨酸是水稻营养成分中第一限制性氨基酸。为优化赖氨酸的测定方法,设置了本试验,通过超声振荡器取代普通振荡器,进行300W超声功率下酰化用时及染料结合反应用时的研究。结果表明,最佳酰化用时为15 min,染料结合用时为90 min。与国标法相比,优化后的方法酰化用时变长、染料结合用时变短,测定总用时明显缩短,但测定结果和试验精度更高。可见,采用超声波振荡代替传统振荡器振荡能改进赖氨酸的测定方法。另外,采用最优动态聚类法对赖氨酸含量进行分类,能防止人为分类的不确定性,做到分类方案的最优化。     

DMAIC方法在提高汽车起重机钢丝绳质量中的应用

钢丝绳是汽车起重机的重要零部件之一,对吊装作业的安全性起着关键的作用。通过实施DMAIC方法可降低产品故障的市场反馈率,提高客户满意度。文章首先对钢丝绳质量故障进行定义,明确改善目标;其次利用SIPOC流程分析钢丝绳生产过程,分析影响钢丝绳质量的关键因子并加以改进;最后对改善效果进行验证,固化改进成果。     

Challenges for the sustainable use of water and land resources under a changing climate and increasing salinization in the Jizzakh irrigation zone of Uzbekistan

Jizzakh Province in Uzbekistan is one of the largest irrigated areas in Central Asia without natural drainage.In combination with aridity,climate change and extensive irrigation practices,this has led to the widespread salinization of agricultural land.The aim of this study was to identify opportunities to improve the reclamation status of the irrigated area and how best to effectively use the water resources in Jizzakh Province based on investigations conducted between 1995 and 2016.A database of field measurements of groundwater levels,mineralization and soil salinity conducted by the provincial Hydro-Geological Reclamation Expeditions was used in the study.The total groundwater mineralization was determined using a portable electric conductometer(Progress 1T)and the chloride concentration was determined using the Mohr method.The soil salinity analyses were conducted by applying two different methods:(1)the extraction and assessment of the soluble salt content,and(2)using an SM-138 conductivity sensor applied to a 1:1 mixture of soil sample and water.The analyses of the monitoring results and the salt balance in the"irrigation water–soil–drainage water"system clearly demonstrated that the condition of the irrigated land in the province was not significantly improved.Under these conditions,the stability of crop yields is achieved mainly through the use of large volumes of fertilizer.However,excess amounts of mineral fertilizers can also cause the salinization of soils.The average groundwater salinization value in most of the irrigated land(75.3%)fluctuated between 1.1 and 5.0 g/L,while the values were less than 1.0 g/L in 13.1%of the land and in the range of 5.1–10.0 g/L in 10.5%of the land.During the period of 1995–2016 the salinization level of the irrigated land in Jizzakh Province increased slightly and the area could be divided into the following classes:no salinity(17.7%of the total area),low salinity(51.3%),moderate salinity(29.0%),and high salinity(2.0%).Detailed studies of the salt balance in irrigated land,the impact of climate change,increased fertilizer use,and repeated remediation leaching on the groundwater level and mineralization should be conducted in the future,due to the possibility of accelerated salinization,fertility decline,and reduced yields of agricultural crops.     

Performance and uncertainty analysis of a short-term climate reconstruction based on multi-source data in the Tianshan Mountains region,China

Short-term climate reconstruction, i.e., the reproduction of short-term(several decades) historical climatic time series based on the relationship between observed data and available longer-term reference data in a certain area, can extend the length of climatic time series and offset the shortage of observations. This can be used to assess regional climate change over a much longer time scale. Based on monthly grid climate data from a Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project phase 5(CMIP5) dataset for the period of 1850–2000, the Climatic Research Unit(CRU) dataset for the period of 1901–2000 and the observed data from 53 meteorological stations located in the Tianshan Mountains region(TMR) of China during the period of 1961–2011, we calibrated and validated monthly average temperature(MAT) and monthly accumulated precipitation(MAP) in the TMR using the delta, physical scaling(SP) and artificial neural network(ANN) methods. Performance and uncertainty during the calibration(1971–1999) and verification(1961–1970) periods were assessed and compared using traditional performance indices and a revised set pair analysis(RSPA) method. The calibration and verification processes were subjected to various sources of uncertainty due to the influence of different reconstructed variables, different data sources, and/or different methods used. According to traditional performance indices, both the CRU and CMIP5 datasets resulted in satisfactory calibrated and verified MAT time series at 53 meteorological stations and MAP time series at 20 meteorological stations using the delta and SP methods for the period of 1961–1999. However, the results differed from those obtained by the RSPA method. This showed that the CRU dataset produced a low degree of uncertainty(positive connection degree) during the calibration and verification of MAT using the delta and SP methods compared to the CMIP5 dataset. Overall, the calibrated and verified MAP had a high degree of uncertainty(negative connection degree) regardless of the dataset or reconstruction method used. Therefore, the reconstructed time series of MAT for the period of 1850(or 1901)–1960 based on the CRU and CMIP5 datasets using the delta and SP methods could be used for further study. The results of this study will be useful for short-term(several decades) regional climate reconstruction and longer-term(100 a or more) assessments of regional climate change.